The Caspian Sea has long been a cornerstone of life for Central Asia, especially for Kazakhstan, where it plays a critical role in supporting local economies, biodiversity and communities. Stretching along Kazakhstan’s extensive coastline of over 2,000 kilometres, the Caspian provides essential resources such as fisheries, agriculture and transport, which are deeply embedded in the way of life in Mangystau and Atyrau regions. Beyond its economic value, the sea holds cultural and historical significance, representing both a livelihood and a heritage for millions. However, the Caspian is now facing a profound ecological crisis, with shrinking water levels, pollution and the collapse of its ecosystems threatening to disrupt this delicate balance.

Despite years of warnings from scientists, the Caspian Sea continues to suffer from industrial pollution, water mismanagement, climate change and neglect. Extensive oil and gas extraction have left the sea burdened with pollutants including radioactive waste, untreated sewage and toxins from fossil fuel operations, devastating ecosystems and coastal communities.

Exacerbating the crisis, water levels in the Caspian are declining at an alarming rate. Scientists warn that the sea could shrink by up to 18 metres by the end of the century. In Kazakhstan alone, shorelines have retreated by as much as 18 kilometres, disrupting fisheries, agriculture and port operations. Approximately 4,000 rare Caspian seals have washed ashore dead in the last two years, reducing the population to below 70,000, sturgeon populations, which contribute to about 90% of global supply, are classified as “critically endangered” and industries reliant on the sea are grappling with significant economic challenges.

Historical incidents illustrate the dire consequences of inaction. In 1985, a catastrophic blowout at the Tengiz oil field in Kazakhstan released millions of tonnes of oil and flammable gases, causing long-lasting environmental and health impacts. More recently, in 2023, oil extraction operations in the region led to fines for environmental violations, underscoring the ongoing difficulty of holding industries accountable. Compounding the problem, many oil companies continue to operate without providing meaningful returns to the region. Initial agreements, often signed without clear sustainability requirements, allow these companies to prioritise profit over environmental responsibility. If such practices remain unchallenged, another disaster akin to Anapa becomes an inevitability rather than a possibility.

As an environmental lawyer and activist, I have always believed that protecting our natural resources is a shared responsibility. For me, remaining silent in the face of such destruction is not an option. While many individuals are working tirelessly to find solutions to the Caspian crisis independently, the key to meaningful progress lies in cooperation. The health of our environment is inseparable from the well-being of our communities, and collective action is essential to ensure its preservation.

Therefore, in December 2024, I launched the Save the Caspian Sea movement to unite many voices under one banner to address the escalating environmental crisis unfolding in this vital ecosystem. Over the years, I have witnessed firsthand the devastating impact of neglect and industrial activity on the Caspian. Our mission is to hold responsible parties accountable, ensure transparency and drive investments to protect and restore this lifeline for Central Asia.

Our action plan focuses on advancing conservation research, mitigating biodiversity loss and advocating for sustainable policies that balance development with environmental preservation. We also demand immediate international attention and action to hold responsible parties accountable and drive tangible progress. By uniting governments, industries and communities, we aim to amplify a collective voice powerful enough to bring about meaningful change. As we approach the 40th anniversary of the Tengiz oil field disaster, I am reminded of the lessons history has taught us and the responsibility we share to shape a better future. The survival of the Caspian Sea depends on thoughtful, coordinated efforts to secure it for generations to come.

Vadim Ni (centre) and other activists at the Save the Caspian Sea movement launch.

Vadim Ni is an environmental lawyer and founder of the save the Caspian Sea Campaign